Middle+East

**Identity and the Middle East**
Wrong- On my chart, I have most likely gotten Muslims, Arabic and radicals wrong. Although Arabic is one of the major languages in the Middle East, not all countries in the Middle East use Arabic as their major language. These were the two common mistakes since the Middle East is mostly associated with Islam itself even though both Christianity and Judaism were also founded in the Middle East
 * Using your definitions of identity created yesterday map out the identity of the Middle East. Use Bubbl.us to complete this and take a screen shot of your chart. Upload to it to your wiki
 * Share your identity chart with a partner. What commonalities do you have? What differences?
 * Now go to the following website: TeachMidEast: An education initiative of the Middle East policy Council
 * Jigsaw headings in 5 groups. Use a google Doc to identify main idea, 2 important ideas and any questions comments. Post the google doc link (make sure it's open to the public) on the discussion page of my wiki.
 * Now reflect on your identity chart on the Middle East. What did you get right? What did you get wrong? Why was this?

Right- I may have gotten unstable governments in the Middle East correct because it can probably be seen in today's issues with countries in the Middle East. Also since these countries were grouped together based by their political connections or similarity, it could show that leaders may have used one another as the foundation for their countries.

Middle East Doc- https://docs.google.com/document/d/1qTuoJhcJTX7DHbTn7DJM1fXL1G8FWU2HS8_LU0JP488/edit?hl=en&authkey=CNjX5-sN

**Borders: Then and Now**
Respond to the maps shown in the following Voicethread. Please respond with questions, comments, connections you may have. @http://voicethread.com/share/1880720/

first map second map third map
 * How did the Ottoman Empire retain Mecca as part of their empire? It's just a small strip of land surrounded by lands not part of the Ottoman Empire. Would't pro-Islamic nations want Mecca part of their nation?
 * Did the Ottoman Empire lose their land in Africa because of the Europeans? It shows that no land to the east of the empire lost any land. Also at the time in Africa, a lot of European nations rushed to gain land.
 * How come the other countries on that strip of the Middle east not part of the "Middle East"? Would there later be tensions since they are surrounded?
 * I find it interesting that Omen neither loses nor gain any land. You also see a huge split in a lot of the countries with large amount of land.
 * Wouldn't the separate state of the Islamic Sacred State cause a lot of trouble since other countries may possibly consider themselves as true Muslims or something.
 * I would assume that a lot of the states formed would be because of religious or cultural beliefs

661-666 Egypt
 * nationalism preceded European conquest and domination
 * double colonization by Turkish khedives and their British advisors
 * **Lord Cromer** - high commissioner of Egypt who created strong gov't policies
 * pushed for economic reforms in order to reduce debt built up by the khedival regime
 * reforms in bureaucracy, irrigation systems built, other public works projects
 * foreign merchants, Turco-Egyptian political elite, Egyptian bourgeoisie and the ayan are mostly the ones who benefited from the prosperity in Egypt
 * British relied heavily local, estate-owners to extend their control --> ayan received most benefits from irrigation, railways and Egyptian agriculture of cash crops(cotton)
 * growing wealth = increase difference between landlord's estate and peasant villages
 * middle class of Egypt = growing steadily, their "duty" was to resist khedival regime along with landlords
 * **effendi** - prosperous business families making up most of middle class
 * cause of independence taken up by sons of the effendi
 * journalists led the way to independence
 * newspapers used to expose British mistakes, khedival regime's curruption, attacked British racist arrogance and their control of well-paying positions in bureaucracy
 * first nationalist party formed in 1890
 * **Dinshawai incident** - result of the parties failing to unite and British repression of student riots in 1906
 * British's aggressive response = lost of support
 * another incident was British hanging villagers as a result of one of their soldiers killed even though they killed a woman while hunting pigeons
 * 1913 - British intimidated by nationalism and in WWI and British martial law = temp end of nationalist movements; eventually revival of drive but stronger

Revolt in Egypt
 * during anti-colonial struggles, British top priority was to protect Suez Canal = draining of resources in Egypt
 * nationalist elites demand for hearing at Versailles but delegation denied permission to go to France
 * Egyptian leaders resign from gov't, student-led riots,
 * newly formed **Wafd party** under **Sa'd Zaghlul** after British give in to demands = nationalist have unified base
 * British begin to retreat from Egypt in 1922, withdrawing from Suez Canal in 1936
 * khedival regime kept in place in case if Egypt threaten by other force
 * after winning political independence, parties did little to relieve misery of Egyptian peoples

Middle East
 * resistance to colonial domination in Egypt spreads to rest of Middle East
 * Ottoman Empire disappears but Europeans divide up the land attacking the Turks
 * Mustafa Kemal aka **Ataturk**, emerged as Turkish officer corp -> rallied Turkish forces and drove back Greek armies from colonization
 * 1923 - independent Turkish republic est., sweeping reforms and expulsion thousands of Greeks, radical changes in gov't modeled Western precedents
 * new Latin alphabet, women suffrage, criticism of veil
 * French and British break promises of preserving Arab independence, by 1916 they occupied much of Middle East
 * **Hussein**, sherif of Mecca, used promises in order to gain support of army to aid British/French vs Turks = violation meant humiliation and anger
 * Euros faced resistance in all **mandates** they created
 * another factor towards Middle Eastern nationalism was fact that promise of a Jewish homeland of Palastine was kept by the British
 * promises made to both Arabs and Jewish **Zionists**
 * **Balfour Declaration** - Jewish people to return to Middle Eastern land of origin approved by British War Cabinet
 * direct response to persecution of Jews that occurred in Europe
 * **Leon Pinsker** convinced that acceptance of Jews by Christian European nations was impossible
 * called for return to holy land - at first rejected by other Jews b/c of rights/citizenships they had in nations
 * support for Zionist cause increased after **Theodor Herzl** reads "Death to Jews" article pub. against **Alfred Dreyfus**
 * Herzl and other Jewish leaders form **World Zionist Organization**
 * sense of betrayal felt by Arabs = growing hostility = Arab opposition = British cutting pledges for Zionists = Zionist mistrust of British policies and building up of defenses against Arabs

pq 727-729

Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question
 * independence of several Middle Eastern States gained in between World Wars, after WWII was, more complete
 * all Arab not freed after WWII were liberated by 1960s but Palestine still caused problems
 * increase of Jewish immigration to Palestine as Hitler's forces persecuted Jews = growing Arab resistance = riots and violent assaults
 * major Muslim revolt swept Palestine in 1936 to 1939, British put down rising and decimated leadership of Palestinian Arab community and resolved stem and flow of Jewish immigrants
 * gov't measures of keeping Jews running from Nazis out = violent Zionist resistance, used the Haganah and underground terrorist organizations
 * United Nations agree for partition of Palestine into Arab and Jewish countries
 * two sides engage in all out warfare; Zionists defend more than other expected them to, expanded their land at Arab's expenses

pg 798-801 Military Responses: Dictatorships and Revolutions
 * regimentation and emphasis on discipline and in-group solidarity in military training = solders who are more resistant than others
 * in control, military leaders ban civilian political parties and imposed military regimes
 * military regimes in Uganda, Myanmar and Congo quashed civil liberties while at the same time make no attempts towards reduce social inequalities or improve living standards
 * regimes always corrupt and imprisons, tortures or eliminate opponents
 * regimes focus all resources towards military
 * **Gamal Abdul Nasser** took power in Egypt after military coup, 1952
 * Egyptian people's conditions worsen and gov't just raked in wealth for elites
 * **Free Officers movement** formed by idealistic young officers of Egyptians
 * studied conditions of country and prepared to seize power through revolution
 * allied with the **Muslim Brotherhood**
 * founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928, he developed contempt for wealthy minority of Egyptians and Europeans
 * main focus was a program of social uplift and sweeping reforms, promoted trade unions and built medical clinics
 * group continued to expand influence even after murder or al-Banna
 * mass anger with khedival and parliamentary regime gave officers their chance
 * July 1952, military coup toples khedive Farouk from his throne
 * only Free Officers movement remained as political party, all other parties disbanded in 1954
 * internal power struggles -> Nasser eventually emerges as head of military gov't
 * Nasser believed that dictatorial power to force programs, also convinced that only the state had power to carry out social/economic reforms = Nasser intervenes all aspect of life
 * to est. economic independence, restrictions on foreign investment placed
 * Nasser wished to destroy Israeli state, unite Arabs
 * plans for Aswan Dam project fails and backfires
 * additional lands quickly gone, increasing number of blindness causing parasites, decline in fertility in land
 * Nasser's reign fails with disastrous Six-Day War with Israel in 1967
 * **Anwar Sadat**, Nasser's successor dismantles military gov't, favored private rather than state
 * expelled the Russians and opened Egypt to aid and investment from U.S and Western Europe
 * **Hosni Mubarak**, Sadat's successor, continued Sadat's work in shift in direction
 * Muslim fundamentalist movements -> assassinated Sadat and carried campaigns to overthrow Mubarak regime

pg 802 - 803 Iran: Religious Revivalism and the Rejection of the West
 * under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, path of development was the most difficult
 * Khomeini revolution if 1979 was similar to anti-colonial resistance movements
 * emphasis on religious purification and rejoining of religion and politic were core motivations
 * called for the return of society that was believed to exist in "golden age"
 * revolution aimed to topple Western-base gov't
 * both Mahdi and Khomeini claim to be divine deliverers, even though they came from Sunni and Shi'a religious tradtions
 * leaders sought to build lasting state and social order of Islamic precedents
 * Khomeini's revolution uniquely seized power; Iran was divided up by spheres of influence like China
 * bureaucracy and communication infrastructure were not highly developed
 * no Western-educated middle class emerged
 * shah fled after Mohammed Mosaddeq rose to power but CIA-engineered coup restored shah's power
 * shah's land reforms schemes alienated land-owning classes without improving condition of the poor
 * urban workers dissatisfied even though they benefited a lot from construction and light industrialization
 * fall in oil prices = economic slump
 * shah neglected military so when issue came in 1978, few officers were well-trained
 * Khomeini revolution won over a regime that seemed powerful but was very vulnerable

||  ||  Title: President of Egypt  || || Years in Power: 14 years, 1956-1970  || ||  ||   ||   ||  Long-Term Effects
 * Name of Leader: Gamal Adbul Nasser
 * Lifespan: 15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970
 * Country/region: Egypt
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * increase of military leaders in Middle East = dictatorship
 * economic issues and poor living conditions of the people
 * military coup = takeover of power from earlier gov’t
 * Egyptians won independence except in Suez Canal zone
 * corrupt khedival regime had been previously left behind by the British
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * to remove the useless gov’t previously there
 * aid the worsening conditions that are occurring
 * Free Officers movement created
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * Free Officers Movement combined with Muslim Brotherhood
 * humiliating defeat in Arab-Israeli war
 * revolution ends monarchy and adds themselves as leaders
 * used dictatorial powers to force reforms
 * Short-Term effects:
 * revolution for military coup to take over gov’t
 * land reform efforts but of miss management and miscalculations
 * Egypt’s independence
 * foreign investment of Egypt
 * failure in Arab-Israel war

||  ||  Title: leader of Iran  || || Years in Power: 1979 – 1989, 10 years  || ||  ||   ||   ||  Long-Term Effects Middle Eastern Nationalism is shown to be completely different in each country within the Middle East. A few simple things that would relate to each country is the fact that a European country may have some rule over them. This rule is not accepted by any country in the Middle East which causes the creation of Nationalist Party. Tensions are also seen throughout the Middle East as a result of WWI and the creation of a Jewish homeland. This random piece of land of Jewish people affects all Arabs in the Middle East because they feel like it is an invasion of their safe country. The struggle of these countries for independence is shown through the results because how military leaders began to take power through military coup. By having a military leader who would use dictatorship to push some reforms created by them. These reforms actually proved to not help the general people at all. Commonalities in religious views in the Middle East play a huge role. Iran gains ground with nationalism which focused on bringing the country of Iran to become possibly the past “golden age”. Movements such as Free Officers Movement and the Muslim Brotherhood combined with one another as an attempt to overthrow the corrupt khedive regime. After broken promises of what the British had promised, it seems like nationalism that occurred in the Middle East follow the same principle of broken promises.
 * Name of Leader: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
 * Lifespan: September 22, 1902 – June 3, 1989
 * Country/region: Iran
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * recently became postcolonial society
 * Iran had not previously been colonized but controlled through spheres of influence
 * no Western educated middle class emerged
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * similar anti-colonial resistance used in Sudan in 1880s
 * call for return of golden age in society
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * Khomeini revolution of 1979
 * land reforms, religious education and economic development
 * Short-Term effects:
 * Khomeini’s revolution causes issues for shah, eventually dies without much of a fight
 * moderate leaders replaced by radical leaders willing to back Khomeini
 * wished to destroy Hussein and Iraqis
 * refused to negotiate peace = heavy losses and suffering to the people