Spain+and+Portugal+in+the+Americas

ESPIRIT

Summary - Impact of the Spanish in America
 *  E || MI – In the newly conquered areas and newly established colonies, Spain’s economy greatly increased due to the mining of silver in the Americas, slave trade and growing agriculture.
 * Portugal est. trading posts rather than colonies leading to slave trade and commercial agricultural system of sugar
 * key things traded: sugar, slaves, gold/silver, coco
 * through conquests, the crown received 1/5 of all treasures
 * men that signed up on conquests share basics while people w/ horses or skills get double shares,
 * colonists saw grants of land as basis of wealth rather than Indians
 * wage labor system develops as Indians leave villages to work for the Spanish to avoid tax/labor obligation
 * agriculture and mining = basis of economy ( agrarian society )
 * great silver mining towns, mining = heart of colonial economy
 * grains, grapes and livestock grown/raised
 * merchant guilds (consulado) develop to control goods shipped to America and handle most of the silver
 * merchants had experience in the slave trade
 * over taxing of the Indians
 * **Haciendas** prodcued for consumers in America ~ basic of wealth and power for local aristocracy ||
 *  S || MI – Native American lifestyles changed as the Spanish conquered their lands forcing a majority of them to work under the Spanish in encomiendas.
 * last of Muslim kingdom fall in Spain = Isabella forcing Jews to leave = economy strain = supporting Christopher Columbus
 * when going to America as conquers, they become the new nobility
 * patriarchal family adapted to Latin America and estates and encomiendas lead to economic dominance
 * kind of serfdom spreads to the Caribbean, gold hunting/slavery/diseases = pop. lost
 * more immigration of Spanish women and African slaves
 * enslavement of Indians were prohibited => different forms of labor/taxes created
 * sexual exploitation of woman in Americas from Europeans
 * population has higher status ||
 *  P || MI – With a professional bureaucracy that is carefully regulated, Spain and Portugal were able to control the American empire they had established overseas. Indians did not gain much due to abusers of this system.
 * political centralization of both Portugal and Castile depended on a professional bureaucracy
 * administrated institutions created by Spain in new world; governorship, treasury office, royal court of appeals
 * Spanish kings suspend all conquests to hear arguments on for and against conquest
 * no control of wealth distribution to Indians due to abusers of system
 * Spain controlled American empire through carefully regulated bureaucratic system that was built on a juridical core and largely staffed with letrados
 * the king ruled through the **Council of the Indies** where laws were issued
 * grants of lands = wealth
 * state projects require forced laborers ||
 *  I || MI – Many Native American civilizations were conquered by the Iberians which lead to the development of new societies and
 * Iberians mixed with Native Americans -> adopt and introduce culture/religion/technology
 * Native American cultures destroyed = new society created by Iberians
 * conquest of both Mexico and South America were launched
 * Hernan Cortes lead 600 men to Mexico where they allied with enemies of the Aztecs => emperor killed and Tenochtitlan replaced with Mexico City
 * Francisco Pizarro led men to conquer the Inca Empire => new capital city of Lima was built closer to the sea
 * severe decline in pop. of Indians due to epidemics, conquests and weakening of societies (no immune to common diseases) ||
 *  R || MI – Christianity played a big role in the conquest of the Americas due to the pushing out of the Muslim empire and the need to spread Christianity.
 * religious reason to re-conquest Iberian peninsula carried over to conquering the new world
 * the fact of Indians not being Christians played somewhat a role in determining if conquests were justified or not
 * Franciscans, Dominicans and the Jesuits converted the Indians (est. churches)
 * religious leaders somewhat learned the Indian cultures
 * Catholic church influenced the culture and intellectual life of the colonies ||
 *  I || MI – The culture of Indian societies eventually adapted European cultures as more and more conquests occurred.
 * philosophical and moral questions developed after conquests in America on about the Indians and the conquering of their lands
 * was claimed that the conquering of their land was justified b/c Spaniards came to “free” the Indians
 * Native American culture adapted to Spanish culture well and also learned the legal system ||
 *  T || MI – There was very little technological advances during this time but with the help of previous technology, the Spaniards easily conquered civilizations in the Americas.
 * technological edge showed remarkable results in the conquering of areas in the new world
 * steel weapons, gun powder
 * European mining techniques replaces indigenous techniques
 * convoy fleet system called the galleons, consists of heavily armed ships
 * adaption of European food/technology/culture ||

With Spain's conquering and colonization of areas in the Americas, daily life, culture and economy drastically changed the indigenous peoples and Spain itself. While Spain set up new colonies, agriculture had to be established for suitable living which leads to enslavement of the Native Americans. The use of Native Americans was later changed to African slave labor. The slave trade was a major part of the economy along with products from agricultural colonies. There was also much mining in the Americas since gold and silver were discovered, which contributed to Spain's overall wealth. At one point in time, the conquest of Americas was reconsidered as Spanish kings listened to both sides of for and against conquests. Christianity played somewhat a role in the conquest of the Americas since they justified it with making the natives "pure". Both the native and Spanish cultures mixed together with more interactions between the two groups. With Spainish colonies relying on native and slave labors, the wealth distribution was currupt and leaned towards to favoring the Spainish. A type of serfdom developed there but had a commerical aspect to it. The Native peoples suffered greatly due to conquests because of the diseaeses that spread and enslavement of the people.

Brazil: The First Plantation Colony MI – At first Brazil had been disregarded by Europe, but as Portugal moved in and developed settlements, commercial activities greatly increased due to sugar plantations.
 * Brazil was first ignored by **Pedro Alvares Cabral** b/c there was only dyewood
 * minor Portuguese nobles were given **captaincies** to colonize and develop <= feudal powers w/ a strong desire for commercial development
 * sugar plantations est. using Native American slaves -> later African slaves
 * hundreds of sugar plantations created along the coast w/ settlements
 * indigenous resistance suppressed by military action/missionary activities/diseases

Sugar and Slavery MI – With the growth of more plantations and use of slave labors, Brazil/Portugal became part of the world’s economic power. Society in Brazil didn’t change much and still relied on past beliefs.
 * Brazil = world’s leading sugar producer
 * half of Brazil’s total pop. were slaves
 * Brazil’s growing of only one crop was later followed by other European countries with other cash crops
 * social hierarchy still reflected on plantations and slave origins although economy became diverse
 * white planter families became aristocracy linked by marriage to resident merchants and Portuguese bureaucrats
 * bureaucratic structure that integrated colony within an imperial system
 * Jesuits were important in Brazil b/c cattle ranches and sugar mills => churches and schools
 * Brazil’s tie w/ Portugal was stronger and more dependent than Spain and America
 * intellectual life of Brazil = extension of Portugal

Brazil’s Age of Gold MI- After Brazil became less dominant in the world with their sugar production, gold was found deeper in South America leading to gold rushes. Being linked with Portugal, they used the good to pay England.
 * Dutch once controlled part of Brazil but was later expelled
 * Dutch/English/French competition => rising price for slaves and drop of sugar prices
 * Brazil’s dominance of sugar production lost but **Paulistas** and his expeditions = gold strike
 * great gold rush began to **Minas Gerais**, people desert plantations in search for gold
 * discovery of gold and diamonds = expansion of slavery, disasters on indigenous pop.
 * Portugal uses gold to buy manufactured goods for itself & colonies and to pay England
 * ask gold supply dwindled, Portugal becomes an economic dependency of England

Pombal and Brazil MI- Pombal attempted to reform Brazil economically and to reduce Portugal’s economic dependency on England.
 * Bourbon reforms of Spain and Spanish America parallels **Marquis of Pombol**
 * Pombal hoped to use benefits of mercantilism and state intervention to break England’s hold on Portuguese economy
 * fiscal reforms eliminate contrabands, gold smuggling and tax evasion
 * monopoly companies formed to stimulate agriculture
 * new introduction of crops
 * import of slaves to Portugal stopped to ensure steady supply of slaves to Brazil
 * Portugal’s trade imbalance w/ England reduced but Brazilian economy suffer b/c demands remain low

Compare the effects of the gold and the silver industries on the Portugal and Spainish economy. Both the gold and silver industries effected the Portugese and Spainish economy greatly when they were once discovered making the restpectful countries a major economical power. With the discovery of gold and silver, the slave trade increased in order to gather as much of the rare mineral as possible. The Portugese used this new wealth for manufactered goods and to pay debts off. markets worked by Indians and became wealthy, interior to settlements and slavery, planation economy abandoned in order to mine,

Similarity -expansion of colonial landholding -coerce labor -> slavery (African, saltwater slave) -increased buying power in Europe (manufactered goods) -if you can buy something, you dont have the need to make things- = dependent on gold/silver exports to purchase goods from other countries

Differences -Portugal became more involved in slave trade (made money)

18th century notes

The 18th-Century Reforms MI-
 * Spain -> amigos del pais (colonies) met in cities to discuss reforms
 * Portugal -> new ideas in economy, education and philosophy created by foreign influences
 * expansion of pop. and economy in Europe gave American colonies new importance due to high demands in products
 * both empires revive but long-term results = fall of both

The Shifting Balance of Politics and Trade MI-
 * Spain weakened foreign wars, debt, declining pop. and revolts
 * threatened by France and mercantile strength of England/Holland
 * French, Dutch and English team up to take over territory
 * many islands taken over and turned into sugar plantations
 * failure of Spanish mercantile and political system
 * irregular annual fleets, declining silver payments
 * colonies became self-sufficient while central gov't became weaker
 * Spanish king Charles II die without a heir = War of the Spanish Succession (1702 - 1713)
 * branch of Bourbon family recognized as ruler of Spain
 * Spain's commercial monopoly broken by contraband trade and legal means

The Bourbon Reforms MI-
 * Bourbon dynasty launch reforms to strengthen the state and its economy
 * moved by economic nationalism and a desire for a strong centralized gov't
 * certain groups that opposed were punished and targeted such as the Jesuits who were later expelled from Spain
 * French bureaucratic models introduced and system of taxation tightened
 * convoy fleet system abandoned and navy reformed with new ships built
 * Jose de Galvez - royal investigator sent to the Indies
 * revealed the worst abuses of graft and corruption
 * move to eliminate the Creoles from the upper bureaucracy of the colonies
 * reforms in America linked to defense and military matters
 * Spain allied with France, France and England fought for dominance, England targets colonies in America owned by the Spanish
 * gov't had active role in the economy
 * state monopolies est. for items the gov't considered essential
 * monopoly companies allowed rights to develop certain colonial areas

Pombal and Brazil MI- Pombal attempted to reform Brazil economically and to reduce Portugal’s economic dependency on England.
 * Bourbon reforms of Spain and Spanish America parallels Marquis of Pombol
 * Pombal hoped to use benefits of mercantilism and state intervention to break England’s hold on Portuguese economy
 * fiscal reforms eliminate contrabands, gold smuggling and tax evasion
 * monopoly companies formed to stimulate agriculture
 * new introduction of crops
 * import of slaves to Portugal stopped to ensure steady supply of slaves to Brazil
 * Portugal’s trade imbalance w/ England reduced but Brazilian economy suffer b/c demands remain lo w

Reforms,Reactions and Revolts MI-
 * American colonies experiences rapid pop. growth
 * resulted from declining mortality rates, increasing fertility levels, increasing immigration from Europe and thriving slave trade
 * reformist policies, tighter tax collection and presence of more active gov't => violent colonial reactions, riots, revolts
 * Comunero Revolt in New Granada 1781 caused by gov't control of tobacco and liquor consumption
 * royal army defeated and rebel army takes capital
 * Tupac Amaru (Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui, great Indian uprising
 * this revolt mostly failed b/c of the Creoles
 * feared that a real social upheaval will take place if they upset the political balance
 * few bureaucrats plan uprising for independence in Brazil but conspiracy discovered
 * separation and independence from mother countries possible after Spanish political system was disrupted