Africa+and+the+Africans+in+the+Age+of+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade

The Atlantic Slave Trade MI – The Atlantic slave trade began as a result of Portuguese interaction with Africa as an attempt to open trading ports and to control the trading network. The patterns of contact by Portugal were later mimicked by other European countries.
 * as Portuguese ships sailed along the African coast, they est. **factories** of forts and trading posts
 * most important post was **El Mina** – heart of gold-producing region
 * forts est. with consents of local rulers b/c Portugal weren’t powerful for takeover
 * trade = basis of relation b/w Portugal and Africa
 * Africans received Portuguese goods in exchange for slaves from other parts of Africa, Portugal added their own items into the African trading network
 * missionary efforts made to convert rulers of Benin, Kongo, other kingdoms
 * **Nzinga Mvemba**, the ruler of Kongo converted whole kingdom to Christianity
 * basis of Portuguese colony of Angola created from a permanent settlement of **Luanda**
 * Portuguese try to dominate existing African trading system
 * ports est. to give Portugal access to gold trade
 * efforts were primarily commercial and military
 * patterns of contact later mimicked by Dutch, English and French
 * slave trade heavily increased as sugar production increased due to demand of laborers
 * slave trade eventually predominated over all other kinds of commerce

Trend Toward Expansion MI – Over four centuries, the slave trade shipped millions of slaves with many that died during the journey and many that died due to raids in Africa. With the increase of plantations, the slave trade increased.
 * from 1450 – 1850, about 12m slaves shipped across Atlantic and about 10/11m make it
 * many people died in wars in Africa resulting from raids to acquire slaves
 * high volume of slave trade b/c of low fertility (more men than women) = loss of pop.
 * Spanish America and Brazil began with lots of slaves but as rest of Europe began to develop plantations -> increase of slaves
 * Muslim traders also involved in the trading of slaves in trans-Sahara, Red Sea, etc.
 * major suppliers of slaves in Africa gradually shifted over time

Demographic Patterns MI – The proportion of men to women was greatly affected by both the Atlantic slave trade and the trans-Sahara slave trade. Men were preferred by in Americas because of heavy labors whereas women were used as domestic servants in the Middle East.
 * majority of slave trade in trans-Sahara was women to be used as concubines and domestic servants
 * Atlantic trade slave concentrated on men b/c planters and mine owners were seeking people to do heavy labor
 * men often sold whereas women and children kept as slaves
 * due to disproportion of men and women in slave trade, in African society the proportion was skewed
 * with the development of Atlantic trade = new crops imported to Africa = recovery from losses from slave trade

Organization of the Trade MI – Many other European countries joined in the slave trade as they witnessed Portugal control a majority of the coastal trade. Other countries tried to established an area where a steady supply of slaves could be obtained. Portugal had their own supply of slaves for own colonies.
 * control of slave trade = political situation in Europe
 * Portugal was first to control slave trade = control of most of the coastal trade
 * growth of slave based plantations = competition from other European countries that also wanted their own source of slaves
 * the English est. the **Royal African Company** as a monopoly for the slave trade
 * European settlers in Africa hit hard by tropical diseases, 10% make it back alive
 * Spanish developed a system of payment were a healthy male slave was called **Indies piece** and women/children were worth half of that
 * although there were many attempts to monopolize the trade, there were many private merchants
 * had been said that the African involved in the trading of slaves were in “control”
 * slave trade was profitable in the long run but not the source of capital needed for the Industrial Revolution
 * triangular trade developed where slaves from Africa were brought to Americas, then sugar/tobacco brought to Europe then European products brought to Africa to repeat cycle
 * the slave trade was seen as a way to expand Europe’s economy and also to link Africa into world trade

African Societies, Slavery, and the Slave Trade MI - The Slave Trade in Africa completely reshaped African society as Europeans used existing trade routes to quickly and effectively trade slaves.
 * Europeans justified slavery by saying that it previously existed in the continent
 * many forms of servitude developed
 * peasant status to chattel slavery(property)
 * servants, concubines, soldiers, administrators, field workers
 * due to land being owned by the ruler, owning of slaves represented/increased one’s status and wealth
 * European arrival in the forest states of west Africa => new opp. for expansion and intensification of slavery
 * less enslavement of women = polygyny = more power to rulers = lower position for women
 * Europeans easily mobilized commerce of slavery b/c of preexisting trade and trade routes
 * centralizing states in Africa = major suppliers of slaves b/c African rulers do not enslave own people, but their neighbors

Slaving and African Politics MI - With scattered Africans states all over the continent, there was much competition for each state to expand and enslave one another for profit.
 * small and fragmented African states = instability from competition and warfare as states tried to expand
 * endless wars = importance of military and enslavement of captives
 * Europeans on coast = shift in power in Africa
 * states on coast tried to monopolize trade w/ europeans
 * Europeans blocked formation of states near them b/c scared that they would become too strong
 * away from coast = redirection of trade towards the coast
 * b/c of access to firearms from Europeans, gun => power over other states = more slaves = more guns => never-ending cycle

Asante and Dahomey MI - The success of many kingdoms was aided by firearms given or bought from the Europeans.
 * Empire of ** Asante ** - the Gold Coast
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Oyoko clan successful over other 20 clans b/c of access to firearms
 * ruled under ** Osei Tutu ** who held the title of ** asanthene ** claiming to be the supreme civil/religious leader
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">all-Asante council created to advise the ruler and developed a ideology of unity b/w clans
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">empire maintained power through gold and slave production
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">kingdom of Benin - became own kingdom with a well-developed political/artistic traditions
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Benin never made slavery their primary source of revenue
 * kingdom of ** Dahomey ** - rulers became a brutal political regime w/ firearms
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">moved towards the coast + took neighboring states
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Dahomey expansion =/= royal family
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">caused a unified state
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">slave trade = growing power of rulers = new political forms
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">adoption of African arts by Europe

East Africa and the Sudan MI - the Muslim reform movement that occurred helped create
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Portuguese used slave soldiers to increase territory
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">many offshore islands copied idea of plantations used by Europeans
 * Nilotic migration of ** Luo ** peoples = dynaties among states
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ruling dynaty est. in Bantu pop.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">exercised much power
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Islamization -> external slave trade and growth of slavery in Africa
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">accommodation b/w Muslims and animists achieved in several successful states that rose up after breakup of Songhay
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muslim reform movements swept western Sudan in 1770s
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">advocated of a purifying Sufi
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">intense impact on the Fulani
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Usuman Dan Fodio preached jihad against Hausa kings - > taking control of northern Nigeria
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">expansion driven by religious zeal and political ambitions
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">new political units created
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">reformist Islam trying to eliminate pagan practices,
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">slavery became central feature of Sudanic states through 19th century

White Settlers and Africans in Southern Africa MI - Dutch involvement in Africa lead to conflicts between the two groups lead to the formation of a powerful kingdom.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">non-Bantu hunting peoples unaffected by the slave trade
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mixed farming + pastoralism -> process of migration, peace contacts and war
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">chiefdom of various sizes
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">held power from support of relatives and acceptance of the people
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bantu’s pattern of splitting jr. lineage to form new village = expansion = competition = absorption of conquered groups
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">est. of colony by Dutch East India Company at Cape of Good Hope = resupply
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">British capture cape of good hope
 * abolishment of slavery and restriction of landhording = Boers’s ** Great Trek **

The Mfecane and the Zulu Rise to Power MI - African society gained power and expanded but as time went by and more interaction occurred between these societies and the rest of the world, wars break out as a way to capture slaves and land.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nguni people
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">unification process began in northern chiefdom and new military organization emerge
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">leadership fell to Shaka who reformed loose forces into regiments
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">own chiefdom = absorbtion and destruction of neighbors
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">ruled with iron hand and destroyed enimies
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">beginning of mfecane = Zulu expansion
 * development of new African states like the ** Swazi ** or the ** Lesotho **
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Lesotho resisted Zulu example and combined themselves with other speakers to driven off the Lesothos
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">kingdom less committed and people had strong influences over their leaders
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Zulu Wars occurred during 1870s and Zulu crushed by Great Britain
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">basic patterns of conflict between Africans and Europeans were created
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">competition b/w settlers and Africans for land
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">expanding influence of European gov’t control
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">desire of Europeans to use Africans as slaves

<span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #008000; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The African Diaspora <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MI - The slave trade was the first link between Africa and the rest of the world’s economy. Importing of goods such as firearms from Europe shaped African societies.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">slave trade = link b/w America and Africa and African society’s involvement in the world economy
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">import of European/Indian/Indonesian/American goods for gold, ivory and slaves showed Africa’s integration into the mercantile structure of the world

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #008080; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Slave Lives <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MI - Slavery contributed to the destruction of many lives and villages as well as the profits gained by slave traders.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">slavery = destruction of villages, capture in wars, w/ deadly conditions -> ⅓ of captives died on march to coast
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">on the coast, up to 700 slaves could be put into a cargo ship to be shipped to Americas (overcrowding) and many of them could die due to diseases
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Middle Passage** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, slave voyage to America, = traumatic, slaves may attempt to commit suicide/mutiny
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">slaves still retained their culture and after landing in Americas, still knew their past

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #008080; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Africans in the Americas <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MI - African slaves were used in various jobs and replaced the enslavement of other groups.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">slaves mostly used in plantations and mines that require lots of hard labor
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">plantations used by many different countries that have colonies
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Africans slaves began to replace indenture servants and Native American slaves due to mass numbers
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">slaves performed almost every occupation, mostly agriculture

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #008080; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">American Slave Societies <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MI - Slavery in America was different compared to slavery in other parts of the world. There was more distinction between slaves as more were imported and some that were born into slavery.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">American slave-based society differed from one another with a distinction b/w <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**saltwater slaves** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Creole slaves**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">saltwater = “invariably black”
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Creole = saltwater slaves’ American born descendants, usually results of sexual abuse
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">American slavery differed from African b/c color and race played a role
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Creole and mulatto slaves given more opp. and likely to win freedom from manumission
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">division of slave community b/c of people’s origins
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">slaves made up for large majority of entire population, outnumbered Europeans
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">slavery in America was much different b/c common practices such as manumission wasn’t practiced often

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #008080; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The People and Gods in Exile <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MI - African cultures and religions survived as slaves came to America. Afro-American culture formed as a result of different African cultures mixing.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">problems faced by many slaves in America
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">short life and difficult working conditions
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">family formation = difficult b/c shortage of women and families often sold separately
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">African cultures survived despite plantation owners trying to make them lose their identity
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Afro-American created as Africans began to adopt each other’s ideas/customs as well as their master’s
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">slaves usually converted to religion of the master’s country
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**obeah** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - African religious practices in English islands
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Brazilian <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**candomble** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and Haitian <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**vodun** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> fully developed version of African religion
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">religious ideas and beliefs easily changed during the Middle Passage through contact b/c there were no religious specialists
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">mixing of Christianity and African beliefs,
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">many runaway communities forms as slaves escape from captivity and rebellions occurred in various areas
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Palmares was the largest runaway slave kingdom with about 10,000 people and resisted Portuguese and Dutch attempts to destroy it
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">African American resistance found in forests of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Suriname** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and had wars against groups sent to hunt them, a truce was eventually declared

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #008080; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">MI - Slavery was first abolished in Britain who later forced other countries to abolish the trade and slavery using their naval superiority.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">end of slave trade due to economic/political/religious change in Europe and overseas colonies
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">changes were manifestations of Enlightenment, age of revolution, Christian revivalism and Industrial Revolution
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">African societies began to profit from other exports whereas plantations flourished
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">people’s stance on slavery changed to seeing slavery inhuman and cruel
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">under the religious humanitarians John Wesley and <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**William Wilberforce** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">, abolitionist movement against slave merchants gained strength
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: circle; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">after British slave trade was abolished, Britain began to work to try and abolish slavery in other countries in the Atlantic