Greece+and+Rome

__Primary Source Analysis__ Document: Thucydides on Athens

What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || * Under the leadership of Pericles, the Athens’ democracy became fair and opened to all. Also poor citizens were allowed to participate. Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || * Intended for all those who attended the funeral who lost someone and also to the entire city “Such is the Athens for which these men, in the assertion of their resolve not to lose her, nobly fought and died; and well may every one of their survivors be ready to suffer in her cause.”
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? || * Pericles gave the speech honoring the soldiers that died the in a war with Sparta
 * Athens leader who lived from 460 – 420 B.C.E
 * Influenced since he was the leader of all these men who lost their lives in a war against Sparta ||
 * Place – Where and when was it created - || * Winter of 431-430 B.C.E
 * At a funeral where Pericles gave a speech to commerate the soldiers who died in the war against Sparta
 * In Athens ||
 * Prior Knowledge
 * City of Athens prospered
 * Pericles was a general in the Peloponnesian War along with Thucydides ||
 * Audience
 * Kind of shows that he knows that those who died didn’t die without a reason

“ Comfort, therefore, not condolence, is what I have to offer to the parents of the dead who may be here.” || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote || * This funeral speech was made while thinking about all those who died for this city to live on. Also shows that all the soldiers who lost their lives are acknowledged by Pericles.
 * Reason for Creation
 * To get people to join the military against Sparta

“So died these men as became Athenians. You, their survivors, must be determined to have as unfaltering a resolution in the field, though you may pray that it may have a happier outcome” || Support with quotes || * By saying that the city’s economic success, military policy and democracy help create these men who fought for Athens it will imply that many others will contribute to its success and spread.
 * The Main Idea

“ We throw open our city to the world, and never pass laws to exclude foreigners from any opportunity of learning or observing, although the eyes of the enemy may occasionally profit from our liberality” “So died these men as became Athenians” || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible || * This funeral speech given by the Athenian leader shows that the success of both the people and the state depend on the actions of each other.
 * Significance
 * For honor and for own country ||

Questions? -Does he say that their great city created great men who died for their city?

__Primary Source Analysis__ Document: Plutarch on Life in Sparta

What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || * Plutarch was born in 45 C.E while Lycurgus lived during 800-600 B.C.E which makes this document a bit less reliable. Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || * The document is made out to anyone in Greece who may want to know more about Lycurgus’s accomplishment
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? || * Plutarch, Greek historian born in Greece around 45 C.E
 * Made biographical sketches of famous Greeks and Romans ||
 * Place – Where and when was it created - || * Created hundreds of years after Lycurgus was alive
 * Created in mostly in Greece ||
 * Prior Knowledge
 * Spartan politics were changed into a military state thanks to Lycurgus ||
 * Audience
 * People will see or believe that Lycurgus helped turn Sparta into a military state

“ he trained his fellow-citizens to have neither the wish nor the ability to live for themselves; but like bees they were to make themselves always integral parts of the whole community, clustering together about their leader, almost beside themselves with enthusiasm and noble ambition, and to belong wholly to their country” || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote || * By writing about an important figure, it gives the people of Plutarch’s time more insight on Lycurgus’s accomplishments even though he lived about 600 or more years before them.
 * Reason for Creation

“ Therefore he thought it more necessary to keep bad manners and customs from invading and filling the city than it was to keep out infectious diseases.” || Support with quotes || * Plutarch tries to spread the knowledge of Lycurgus’s accomplishments through this document by saying how Lycurgus first instituted a senate then redistributed the land so people lived equally.
 * The Main Idea

“ the first and most important was his institution of a senate” “ a very bold political measure of Lycurgus, was his redistribution of the land” || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible || * The document backs up the accomplishments of the supposedly Lycurgus, who historians are still not sure if he actually exists. His accomplishments were real and may have been still used during Plutarch’s time. || Questions? -Is this less of a primary source since the author lived hundreds of years after the person he wrotes about? -Was there anything else of a primary source that came from Sparta? -This seemed a bit unreliable.
 * Significance

ESPIRIT Chart Civilization/Nation/Group – Rome

Too many farmers became dependent on landlord protection || subjugations of women in society || Creation of Roman republic ||
 * E || *  Economy based on commercial agriculture, trade and slavery
 * Slavery = key
 *  Farmers switched from grain production to olive/grape production but went bankrupt b/c they all switched
 * Agriculture = prime force that lead to efforts to est. an empire
 * Supervised trade as commercial farming increased
 * Traded olive oil, wine, manufactured products and silver
 * Used North Africa and Sicily to grow grain to feed Rome
 * Greek slaves highly valued in Rome -> used to educate the upper class
 * Landlords forced farmers to become tenants/laborers or to join the urban lower class
 * landlords have greater access to captial
 * S || *  some merchants have higher status than others if they were descendants of Lydians or Phoenicians
 * slaves did household jobs (tutoring upper-class kids)
 * emphasized tight family structure, husband was the judge of the wife
 * women had vital economic functions in farming/artisans families while in the upper class they had great influence and power within the household
 * families w/ too much children -> the infant female is put to death
 *  if a woman was divorced b/c of adultery, has to wear special garment
 * P || *  ruled by aristocrats but also had some democratic elements
 * citizens actively participated in the military -> sense of political interest/responsibility
 * all citizens allowed to go to assemblies where they will pick someone to represent their interests
 * had 2 ** consuls ** who shared primary executive power
 * Roman Empire used the ** Senate ** and also developed organizational capacities larger than city-states
 * Gov’t mostly concentrated on maintaining systems of law courts/military forces
 * Generals looked for greater power while the poor in the city rebelled.
 * I || *  need for slaves explains the importance of a great military force and expansion
 * Rome’s expansion = awareness of powerful competitors since leaders were conscious of the Mediterranean World
 * Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar
 * Conquered Greek colonies in the south
 * Spread salt around city of Cartage to prevent food from growing
 *  Roman aristocrats pushed out the monarchy
 * Believed in nature (gods/planets) ||
 * R || *  No major religion was created
 * Christianity was attacked since it was the only religion that didn’t put the state before faith, arise during Roman Empire
 * Constantine adopted Christianity as an attempt to unite the empire in new ways
 * Greco-Roman religion derived from belief of nature (gods/goddness seen to be regulating human life), b/c religion was more human lower class workers were not satisfied from lack of spiritual passion ||
 * I || *  Due to stressing more about military forces and expansion, development didn’t really occur
 * Few scientific findings found
 * Preserved tradition in forms of textbooks
 * Stoics – inner moral independence ||
 * T || *  Not interested in technological innovations b/c of slavery and the overall orientation of upper-class culture
 * Aqueducts built to carry water to large/small cities
 * Elaborate arches created so buildings can carry great structural weight
 * Built roads, engineering skills, large mining operation ||

Rome and Athens comparative Both Greece and Rome had achieved successful civilizations with the help of strong emperors and political leaders and good government systems. Greece’s government used direct democracy where major decisions of the state were made in assemblies where all citizens can attend. Rome had also used assemblies where citizens can attend and participate but instead representatives were chosen there. Also Rome had a legislative body called the Senate and two consuls who share the primary executive power. Greece’s strong emperors and political leaders were Cyrus the Great (who est. a massive Persian Empire), Pericles (used wise influence and negotiation to try and prevent wars), Philip II of Macedon (won Peloponnesian War) and Alexander the Great who expanded the Macedonian Empire greatly. Under Augustus Caesar, following the assassination of Julius Caesar, the Roman Empire’s basis was established and years to come, the empire brought peace and prosperity to the Mediterranean world. Due to political decline, the empire suffered from economic deterioration and population loss but Roman leaders such as Diocletian and Constantine both tried to reverse the effect.

Key Terms


 *  Cyrus the Great || * Est. massive Persian Empire across the northern Middle East and northwestern India ||
 *  Zoroastrianism || * New religion that developed by the Persian
 * Persians also advanced iron tech. and had a lively artistic style
 * Language and culture survived in NE portion of Middle East ||
 *  Olympic games || * Greek city-states joined in celebrations of athletic competitions
 * Sparta and Athens = two leading city-states
 * Sparta -> strong military aristocracy that dominated a slave pop.
 * Athens -> diverse commercial slave state ||
 *  Pericles || * Most famous Greek political figure who dominated Athenian politics during 5th century B.C.E
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">An aristocrat who was also part of a democratic political structure
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Ruled with wise influence and negotiation
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Peloponnesian Wars || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">431 – 404 B.C.E
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Athens and Sparta looked to gain control of Greece
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Macedonia kings conquered the cities ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Philip II of Macedon || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Won crucial battle in 338 B.C.E
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Son extended Macedonian Empire through Middle East. across Persia to India and to Egypt ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Hellenistic period || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Greek art/culture merges with Middle East
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Saw consolidation of Greek civilization after political decline and new cultural developments ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Alexandria || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Located in Egypt
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Where trade flourished and scientific centers est. ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Roman republic || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Influence extended to rest of Italy and conquered Greek colonies in the S.
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Had strong military orientation to protect their territory ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Punic Wars || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">264 – 146 B.C.E
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Rome fights armies of Phoenician city of Carthage
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Bloody defeat of the Carthaginian general, Hannibal, who used elephants
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Roman’s final act of destruction was to spread salt around Carthage to prevent things from growing
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Entire W. Mediterranean along w/ Greece and Egypt was seized by Romans ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Julius Caesar || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Won civil war b/w two generals after politics of Roman republic grew unstable
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Augustus Caesar, Caesar’s grandnephew, seized power after Caesar’s assassination in 27 B.C.E ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Diocletian and Constantine || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Two strong emperors who attempted to reverse economic deterioration and population loss
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Constantine adopted Christianity to try and unite empire in new way
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">W. half of empire -> most effective gov’t was local b/c imperial administration no longer guarantee order or provide a system of justice ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Direct democracy || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Major decisions of state were made by general assemblies where all citizens allowed to participate
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Not ruled through elected representatives
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Assembly met every 10 days ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Senate / Consuls || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Most important legislative body = Senate which composed of aristocrats
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Two consuls share the primary executive power but in times of crisis a dictator is chosen ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Cicero || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Roman writer and active senator who expounded eloquently on aristocratic tradition ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Aristotle || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Greek/Roman moral philosophy stressed the importance of moderation and balance in human behavior
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Opposed instability of political life and excesses of gods ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Stoics || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Emphasized inner moral independence to be cultivated by strict discipline of the body and by personal bravery ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Socrates || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Born in 469 B.C.E
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Encouraged pupils to question conventional wisdom
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Ran afoul w/ Athenian gov’t which thought he was undermining political loyalty
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Socratic principle of rational inquiry by means of skeptical questioning ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Plato || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Socrates’ great pupil who suggested that human reason could approach three perfect forms (True, Good and Beautiful)
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Philosophical tradition arose which was similar to Confucianism ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Iliad and Odyssey || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Created by the poet Homer in the 8th century B.C.E
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Greek lit. w/ strong epic tradition
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Doric, Ionic and Corinthian || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Three embellishments for the tops of columns supporting large building, each more ornate than the next ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Sophocles || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Athenian dramatist who insightfully portrayed psychological flaws of his hero, Oedipus ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Doric, Ionic and Corinthian || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Three embellishments for the tops of columns supporting large building, each more ornate than the next ||
 * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly;"> Sophocles || * <span style="display: block; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: margin; mso-element-frame-hspace: 9.0pt; mso-element-top: 41.85pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element: frame; mso-height-rule: exactly; tab-stops: list .5in;">Athenian dramatist who insightfully portrayed psychological flaws of his hero, Oedipus ||