The+Rise+of+Russia

1. Describe the effects of Mongol occupation on Russian civilization Mongol control in Russia never reshaped basic values. Their control in Russia caused the economic growth to deteriorate and for trade to be limited. Russia’s economy was agricultural dependent( peasant labor). After becoming independent from the Mongols, Russia sought for territorial expansion and this was backed up with the desire to push the Mongols back. Used to justify expansion Lowered education of priests, adapted social habits

2. Trace Russian expansion under the Ivans. (change into sentences) Ivan III – Ivan the Great Ivan IV – Ivan the Terrible · greater emphasis on tsarist autocracy = murder of people suspected of conspiracy · territorial expansion focuses on central Asia · used cossacks to migrate to newly seized lands · conquered Caspian Sea area, moved into western Siberia, across Urals · independent central Asia eliminated terrioiral expanision ->
 * organized strong army -> emphasis on military power
 * when Moscow freed from Mongols, territory gained by Russian stretched from borders of Polish Lithuanian kingdom to the Ural Mountains
 * used early traditions = married niece of last Byzantine emperor which allows him control of Orthodox churches


 * Name of Leader: Catherine the Great ||
 * Lifespan – 1729 - 1796 || Title: Tsar/empress ||
 * Country/region: Russia || Years in Power: 1762 - 1796 ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * after the death of Peter the Great, there were several decades of weak rule
 * Russian territorial expansion continued
 * Peter III – the nephew of Peter the Great’s youngest daughter – was mentally challenged but ruled the throne and Catherine was his wife
 * unpopular foreign policy move of Peter III = dethrone ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * defended power of the central monarch
 * used Pugachev rebellion as an excuse to extend powers of central gov’t
 * selective westernizer
 * reform commissions for new law codes ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * gave new powers to nobility
 * nobles served in the strong central gov’t and staffed it as bureaucrats and officers
 * pursued Russian expansion winning new territories
 * win agreements with Austria and Prussia for partition of Poland
 * colonization of Russia’s holdings in Siberia and encouraged exploration
 * quickly closed connections with West during French Revolution
 * banned Radishve’s writings since he sought for the abolishment of serfdom ||
 * Short-Term effects:
 * harsher punishment nobles allowed to do to serfs
 * Russian-Ottoman contest became central diplomatic issue
 * Russian interference in Polish affairs
 * controlled Alaska
 * nobility’s power || Long-Term Effects
 * Russia won its independence
 * constructed strong central state
 * new elements bought into culture and economy
 * largest land empire in the world
 * Russia involvement in European affairs ||


 * Name of Leader: Peter the Great ||
 * Lifespan – 1672 – 1725 || Title: Tsar ||
 * Country/region: Russia || Years in Power – 1689 - 1725 ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * the Time of Troubles after Ivan IV died without heir
 * Romanov dynasty rules Russia until great revolution of 1917
 * 1st Romanov re-est. internal order
 * new diplomatic implications as Russia interact with other forms of gov’t
 * Alexis Romanov = state control over church
 * Old Believers = exiled -> helps colonization
 * Expansion policies ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * to change Russian economy/culture by imitating Western form
 * to move Russia into Western diplomatic and cultural orbit
 * Western visits = interest in science and technology
 * Westernized Russia for military purpose
 * Expand and take over other countries ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * lead the first westernization effort in history
 * recruited bureaucrats outside of aristocratic ranks and gave them nobility
 * imitated western military organization = specially trained fighting forces
 * well-defined military hierarchy while developing functionally bureaucrat departments
 * old nobility consul replaced with a set of advisors under his control
 * economic efforts = building up metallurgical and mining industries
 * reforms change Russian economy -> landlords rewarded for using serf labor
 * cut Russian elites off from traditions (male nobles must shave beard, wear western clothes)
 * never changed the gender roles but the way women lived
 * supportived serfdom ||
 * Short-Term effects:
 * power of Russian state enhanced when used as a reform force
 * small economical expansion, no interest
 * no interaction with ordinary people of Russia
 * || Long-Term Effects
 * hostile responses to westernization
 * secret police
 * major factor in European diplomatic and military alignments
 * Sweden reduced to 2nd rate military status
 * access into the sea
 * custom of marriage transfer of male power abolished
 * women encouraged to wear western clothing ||

Serfdom – MI - After Mongol rule in Russia ended, free farmer peasants were eventually forced into serfdom due to debt problems. Serfdom had eventually become very close to slavery under the rule of Peter and Catherine the Great. More common, conditions worsen under the tsars
 * power of nobility over serfs increased during the 17th and 18th century
 * pre-Mongols, peasants were free farmers -> debt = servile status
 * serfdom = gov’t satisfaction of nobility and regulate peasant, lacked bureaucratic means of control over common people
 * serfdom eventually reached close to slavery, allowed to be bought/sold
 * “enslavement” of own people = serfdom in Russia
 * labor = surplus food = trade to West = West buy Russian manufactured goods
 * Peter the Great encouraged the selling of serfs for manufacturing labor
 * Under Catherine the Great, nobles see more power over serfs

Trade/Economic Dependence – MI – Although Russia exported goods to Western Europe and Asia, they were still very dependent on Western Europe because of how limited they became due to traditional methods.
 * no well defined artisan group and small merchant groups existed
 * exported to both Western Europe and Asia
 * population growth with Russia’s expansion(doubled)
 * limited -> agriculture still followed traditional methods and less motivation from peasants since state takes all surplus

Social Unrest – MI – As serfdom grew throughout Russia, many peasant revolts occurred along with protest for the abolishment of serfdom.
 * economic and social system => protest of groups who wanted the abolishment of serfdom
 * peasant rebellions occurred often
 * peasants loyal to tsar but hated their landlords
 * Pugachev rebellion – claimed to be the real tsar and to abolish serfdom => killed by Catherine the Great

Eastern Europe – MI – Western Europe’s contact with Eastern Europe allowed some areas to benefit while other areas collapsed.
 * Western and Eastern contact continued to allow regions to interact
 * Balkans – new cultural exchange, greek merchants pick up Enlightenment ideas
 * some areas operated around western cultural orbit
 * some smaller eastern European nationalities lost political autonomy
 * Poland declines after cultural life flourished when aristocrats deliberately chose weak king
 * aristocratic parliament vetoed all reform efforts in Russia until 18th century

Thesis - Russian and Western expansion occurred due to similar driving forces but both have different techinques and reasons. Both Russia and the West areas where previously controlled by a previous outside empire, but Russia's expansion was dependent on the West. Their choice of expansion differed greatly, the West chose to expand overseas whereas Russia stayed within their territory.

Russia and Western expansion -use of colonies -est. some sort of power(politcial?) in their homeland -the need to spread Christianity - conquest => military superioty -Mongols rule in Russia and Muslim control in Spain/Portugal(reconquest with Christianity) => reason to expand i(conketadoor?) vs (Roakdjak?) -orgin = overthrow of internal leaders - dependence in coecre labor system -agricultural => expansion, to increase productivity -female leaders supported expansion (Isbel and Elizabeth I) (Catherine the Great) -religious element

Difference Russia - landbased empire -spread/strengthening of serfdom -contact with West - Russia expanded near them while western chose to go overseas for territorial expansion -weak navy -venture capital = state, gains go to state -state agriculture -dependent on the West -protector of Christianity

Western - seabased empire -african slavery -contact through crusades - strong navy -venture capital = private, gains = more commerical -plantation agriculture (cash crops) -missionary