Russia+and+China


 * __ Russia __****__ and China 1914 – Present __**


 * 1. Read In Depth p.684 take brief notes and answer the questions (5 points)**
 * successive surge of revolution in 20th century due to factors
 * rural discontent - peasants gave vital contributions to revoultions that occurred
 * peasants spurred by pop. growth, resentment towards against landowners
 * disruptions caused by the Industrialization Revolution -> western centered global market
 * hand workers replaced by machines seen in Mexico as peasants lose jobs
 * war veterans more of a factor to revolutions because of neglect
 * increase of communist parties that overthrew gov't and promoted visions of a good life in peasant communes

-Internal forces were growing amounts of intellectuals, economic disputes and previous gov'ts viewed as oppressive. External forces were military rivalries and the effects of other nations that were more of a capitalist society. -Key social groups would be the peasants revoultions tend to occur because economic and political issues will affect them directly. Peasant workers make up a large portion of workers but as machines begin to replace them, they are directly affected. -Differences: In Mexico hand peasant workers were being replaced by machines called for riots, theses problems were only seen by the workers themselves whereas in China a political party acknowledged peasant issues and used them to their advantage. -Similarities: Revoutions were sparked by economic issues but fueled through different reasons.

** Russia **


 * 2. Take outline notes on Russia (25 points)**

p681-685 MI - With a small middle class a revolution to ensure liberalism was not possible whereas the Bolsheviks were able to take control.
 * Revolution in Russia: Liberalism to Communism
 * riots break out in Russia March 1917 due to wartime miseries(food shortages) and protested the early industrialization conditions
 * tsar abdicated by council of workers called soviets who also arrested the tsar’s ministers and took over city gov’t
 * liberal provisional gov’t struggling to control => revolution similar to French could occur
 * small middle class = liberalism not deeply rooted also b/c of participation in WWI
 * Russian revo leaders, like **Alexander Kerensky**, eager to see parliamentary rule, religious/other freedoms, and political and legal changes
 * liberal leaders held back massive land reforms and did not wish to rush into major social changes before a legit political structure could be est.
 * 2nd revo begins in Nov. -> expelled liberal leadership = power to Bolshevik wing of the Social Democratic party(Communist Party) with Lenin in charge
 * Lenin and Bolsheviks faced immediate problems => signed humiliating peace treaty giving up large section of land to Germany, ignored at Versailles peace treaty
 * parliamentary election followed after the power seizure = a majority of Social Revolutionary Party which emphasized peasant support and rural reforms
 * Lenin shut down parliament and replaced with Bolshevik-dominated Congress of Soviets
 * lots of backlash in Russia's revolution : foreign hostility and domestic resistance
 * internal civil war from 1918-1921 - Lenin decreed a redistribution of land to peasantry and launched a state takeover of basic industry

MI- Unrest as a result of the sudden takeover eventually was restored as new system of control was created.
 * Stabilization of Russia's Communist Regime
 * order restored on key foundations; powerful new army controlled by Leon Trotsky which was called the **Red Army**, economic disarray reduced in 1921 with Lenin's **New Economic Policy** which promised freedom of actions by small business owners
 * 1923 - new capital of Moscow, new constitution of federal system of socialist republics called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
 * Supreme Soviets had many trappings of a parliament and was elected by universal suffrage
 * competition in elections was prohibited = Communist party control

MI- The Soviet Union looked to reshape the culture in order to promote Communism.
 * Soviet Experimentation
 * youth groups, women groups and organization of workers actively debated problems in social environment
 * new education system looked to reshape popular culture away from older peasant traditions, religion but towards belief in Communism
 * when Lenin dies in 1924, there was a leadership gap where many leaders competed for power
 * Red Army's Trotsky takes the name of **Stalin**(steel) and in a few years Joseph Stalin becomes leader of the Soviets
 * many revo leaders encouraged communist parties and set-up a **Comintern** (Communist International office)
 * Stalin represented anti-Western -> rival leaders were killed/expelled, accelerated industrial development and attacked peasant land ownership with a **collectivization** program

p698-703 MI - With Stalin in control, the Soviet Union moved towards an industrialized society without troubles although the Great Depression was also occurring.
 * Stalinism in the Soviet Union
 * Soviet Union buffered by the Depression b/c of separate economy
 * during this time, nation industrial growth while Western economies collapsing
 * Stalin wanted to make Soviet Union a fully industrialized society
 * more tolerant for small private business and wealthy peasant farmers -> wanted to modernize but a revolutionary non-capitalist twist

MI- New systems of economic polices were introduced and used partly to help change Russia to be more industrialized.
 * Economic Policies
 * collectivization = creation of large state-run farms, massive programs began in 1928
 * pressed peasants to join for a chance to mechanize agriculture more effectively, more access to tractors and harvesters
 * gov't and party control desirable for political reasons and Stalin's want to industrialize
 * mixed reactions to collectivization, poor laborers welcomed the opportunity whereas the wealth kulak refused to cooperate
 * millions of kulak were killed/deported to Siberia and gradually rural resistance collapsed
 * collectivization was not very successful b/c of factory like discipline and rigid planning by communist party members
 * agricultural production = weakness in Soviet economy -> needed higher labor force
 * system of **five-year plans** under the states set priorities for industrial development
 * gov't created massive factories in metallurgy, mining and electric power, updated economy without westernization
 * during the five year plans Soviet output of machinery and metal products grew 14 folds -> 3rd largest industrial power behind U.S and Germany

MI- As Russia was industrializing, they produced the same results seen in the West when they had first industrialized.
 * Toward an Industrial Society
 * distinct features of industrialization in Russia were similar to those in the West; increase # of people in cities, factory discipline
 * capable workers received bonuses and public awards and communist party created a network of welfare services
 * no legal for outlet for workers; strikes were outlawed, trade unions controlled by party
 * Soviets used force and authority but also recognized importance of worker support

MI- Stalin looked to control and change intellectual life and to limit the amount of Western influence.
 * Totalitarian Rule
 * Stalinism created new controls over intellectual life
 * arts -> uplifting styles that differ from modern arts themes of the West
 * artists/writers that do not cooperate risk exile
 * **Socialist realism** emphasized heroic idealization of workers/soldiers/peasants
 * sciences were also controlled and evolution was said to be wrong b/c it contradicted Marxism
 * intensified gov't police => monopolized power
 * great purge of party leaders 1937-1938 -> people intimidated to confess imaginary crimes = death
 * purges weakened nation's ability to respond to growing foreign policies
 * Stalin wanted to cooperated with West to block the Germans but France and Britain incapable of forceful action

p750-759 Eastern Europe after WWII: A Soviet Empire MI- After WWII, the Soviet Union became a superpower as they began their conquest for land.
 * The Soviet Union as Superpower
 * desire to regain tsarist boundaries, interest in expansion and Euro diplomacy = Soviet foreign policy
 * Soviets became superpower b/c of its industrialization and push westward post-WWII
 * seized lands in the East while fighting Japan
 * confirmed when they developed atomic and hydrogen bombs
 * protectorate over North Korea to match US's protectorate on South Korea

MI- The sphere of influence of the Soviet Union is found in both the East and the West.
 * The New Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe
 * developed worldwide influence as a superpower; trade and cultural missions on all continents
 * created a successful sphere of influence farther west
 * post WWI, small nations in East Europe fail to create independent economies or political systems
 * Nazi forces seize these nations as West response unsuccessful
 * from 1945 to 1948 Soviet military might crushed and pushed out non-communist parties except in Greece and Yugoslavia
 * after formation of NATO in the west, Soviets formed the Warsaw Pact
 * worker's rising in East Germany was repressed by Soviets => built the Berlin War to avoid exodus of West Germany
 * Poland allowed to have a new leader who was popular with the Polish whereas Hungary's new regime was crushed
 * widespread Catholic unrest and independent labor movements called **Solidarity**
 * agitators arrested, Polish army controls the state under supervision

MI- The people of the Soviet Union begin to show more loyalty as they saw and attacked the US as an evil power.
 * Evolution of Domestic Policies
 * after Cold War developed b/w Soviets and US, news media showed the US as an evil power
 * people believed that a strong gov't authority was needed to prevent US aggressiveness
 * expansion of education, welfare, and police operations as well as the bureaucracy of both the gov't and Communist party
 * recruitment of peasants and worker families to be in gov't, membership was 6% of total pop.

Soviet Culture: Promoting New Beliefs and Institutions MI- Many Western styles were attacked as well as religions.
 * new gov't fostered industrialization and gained the loyalty of citizens
 * regime declares war on Orthodox church and other religions in 1917 in order to maintain Marxist
 * limited the church's outreach rather than abolish it
 * sense of Antisemitism seen in Russia as Jews had limited freedom whereas Muslims had greater latitude in exchange for loyalty
 * modern Western styles of art and lit. were attacked changed after end of the cold war as adoption of Western arts increased
 * **Aleksander Solzhenitsyn** was exiled to the US b/c of publication of book which claimed that the West was too materialistic and individualistic
 * Soviet scientists generated number of fundamental discoveries in physics, chemistry and math -> Soviet culture put lots of emphasis on science
 * scientists often told to reject Western theories

MI- European countries became fully industrialized by 1950 and at the same time the two sides begin to show similarity.
 * Economy and Society
 * Soviet Union and most of Eastern Europe became fully industrialized by 1950s
 * state controlled all economic sectors = imbalance of heavy industrial goods and consumer goods
 * inattention to consumer goods seen as Soviets created armaments industry that rivaled the US
 * Soviet industrialization caused enviro damage as waste was dumped in all areas
 * severe health issues in affected areas
 * still encountered food supply problems although most of labor force remained to be in agriculture, similar to the West
 * Eastern Europe begins to similarly resemble the West in different fields; sports, leisure activities, social structure
 * concerns in Russia's culture dominance as Muslim birth rates in Russia increase whereas Russian birth rates decreased
 * social status of women was more strict in the East and as a result had less opportunities but retained traditional jobs

MI- When Khrushchev took over after Stalin's death, he made moves to de-stalinize the Soviet Union because he had felt that Stalin's methods were not right.
 * De-Stalinization
 * rigid gov't created by Stalin gradually loosened after Stalin's death in 1953
 * following his death, there was a ruling committee that balanced interest groups
 * encouraged conservatism
 * **Nikita Khrushchev** in 1956 emerged from the committee to gain primary power
 * condemned Stalin for treatment of opponents, interpretation of Marxist doc and failure of preping for WWII
 * de-Stalinization program within SU suggested a more tolerant political climate
 * after de-Stalinization furor and Khrushchev's fall, patters of SU remained stable into 1980s
 * cold war polices eased after Stalin but during Khrushchev's regime reached intense moments; seen in Cuba missile crisis
 * in the space and arms race, the SU showed great ability compared to the US

p841-847 MI - Eventually the growing Soviet economy came to a halt while environmental problems created during the growth took its toll on agriculture and health.
 * Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s
 * from 1985 onwards, the SU had a period of intensive reforms
 * b/c of deteriorating Soviet economic performances
 * half of agriculture lands were destroyed after a result of pollution
 * growing health problems, increasing infant mortality, inadequacy of housing and consumer goods
 * with the stop of the growing economy, more things went towards the military meaning funds for everything else decreased

MI - After a long line of older leaders with health issues, the Soviets gave power to Gorbachev. He was different from all other leaders because of his changing of the Soviet Union's cold war stance as he pushed for reforms and reduction of the military.
 * The Age of Reform
 * younger official **Mikhail Gorbachev** came to power in 1985 after a long line of leaders whos health and age were issues
 * replaced older bureaucrats and conveyed a more Western style
 * altered SU's cold war stance as he urged to reduce the amount of nuclear arms
 * proclaimed a policy of glasnost, openness, which implied new freedoms
 * reduction of SU isolation while criticizing aspects of the West, wanted to open the SU to fuller participation in the world economy
 * policies did not stir the economy but had political effects instead -> perestroika = economic restructuring
 * in order to free resources for for consumer goods industry, pressed for reduction in military arms
 * encouraged a new Constitution in 1988 where power was given to the parliament and abolished communist control of elections
 * was elected to presidency

MI - During Gorbachev's presidency, he pushed for a better relationship for the West while lessing Communist rule of the gov't.
 * Dismantling the Soviet Empire
 * Gorbachev's new approach was to better relations w/ the West
 * many nations that had been under the SU communist rule began to have free elections and leadership began to change
 * East Germany displaced its gov't and quickly unified with the West in 1991
 * new divergences in the reforms in east Europe
 * new gov'ts in faced similar problems that the SU had faced during times of industrialization

MI - There is an increase amount of internal conflicts as Gorbachev was targeted by a coup and followed by economic issues with Yeltsin.
 * Renewed Turmoil in the 1990s
 * Gorbachev's presidency was threatened with proof of the military coup that was thwarted
 * strong democratic current was shown through mass demonstrations
 * authority was weakened after the failed coup and the Russian Republic grew stronger
 * was succeeded by Boris Yeltsin who used force to control Russia's parliament
 * by late 1990s his leadership deteriorated when economy was doing bad


 * To receive full credit for your notes you must include the following terms/people in your notes. You must also include Main Ideas**


 * //Kerensky, Lenin, Bolsheviks, Stalin, Collectivization, Soviets, Five-year plans, Socialist Realism, Khrushchev, Gorbachev, Glasnost, Perestroika, Yeltsin, Putin//**

3. Complete a leadership analysis of //__either__// Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin or Nikita Khrushchev (5 points)

· death of Vladimir Lenin · rivalries b/w top leaders · creation of the Red Army · Lenin issued his New Economic Policy · revolution issues taking place || · industrialize Russia · represented a strong national vision of communism · represented Anti-west in eyes of Russian traditions || · collectivization programs for peasants in order to increase production · creation of the Warsaw Pact as a result of NATO · backing up of North Korea · Cold War between Soviet Union and the United States · seize and est. communist parties in small European nations || · purges in the top leaders of   · five year plans which were not as successful · changes in intellectual and artistic styles as a result of Stalinism to promote Communism · built the Berlin War to cut off Western influences in East Germany || Long-Term Effects · accelerated industrialization of Russia to make them 3rd in industrial power · establishment of a communist party · one of the superpowers of the world after WWII · Soviet sphere of influence in both the East and the West || 4. Write a thesis statement for the following questions (10 points)**
 * Name of Leader: Joseph Stalin ||
 * Lifespan: 18 December 1878 – 5 March 1953 || Title: First General Secretary of the Communist Party of Soviet Union ||
 * Country/region: Soviet Union, Russia || Years in Power: 1922-1953 ||
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * Short-Term effects:


 * Analyze the changes and continuities in Russian political structure from 1914 to the present
 * From 1914 to the present, the Russian political structure has seen multiple changes in type of gov't. Foreign policies issued by the gov't showed very different views while tensions remained with each of the different gov'ts.


 * Analyze the changes in Russian Society from 1914 to the present
 * Russian society had very little change from 1914 to the present as the gov't began to try and control how society was. Under pro-communist leaders, society was limited and prevented from becoming like the West. As time went on and leader changed, these ideas changed and the West was gradually accepted.



China
 * 5. Take outline notes on China from 1912-Present (20 points)**

MI- The long line of dynasties came to an end in 1912, and many different groups of people looked to controlling China.
 * p685-689 **
 * Toward Revolution in China
 * abdication of Puyi in 1912 = end of Qing Dynasty
 * contenders for controlling China; regional warlords, loose alliance of students, middle-class politicians, secret societies
 * japanese invaders and communist movements = victory of Chinese Communist party under Mao Zedong
 * warlords join together in cliques to protect own territories/crush neighbors/annex own land
 * most powerful cliques lead by **Yuan Shikai** who looked to create another dynasty
 * 2nd power center created in coastal cities by merchants
 * until 1945 Japan was the major factor in the long and bloody contest for mastery of China

MI- As a result of Japanese betrayal of the Chinese, many intellectuals began to hate the Japs while at the same time attempted to transform China.
 * China's May Fourth Movement and the Rise of the Marxist Alternative
 * Sun Yat-sen headed the Revolutionary Alliance
 * the alliance had little power and no support outside coastal cities and Sun resigned for Yuan Shikai
 * Yuan's attempt to unify China were foiled by the rivalries other warlords
 * Japan solidify rule of Northern China in WWI
 * protest against the Japs b/c China had been part of the Entente power = saw this as betrayal
 * **May Fourth movement** aimed at transforming China into liberal democracy
 * civil liberties and elections were pointless in China due to warlords
 * **Li Dazhao** called for reworking of Marxist ideology in order for it to work in China
 * saw the peasants as vanguard for revolutionary change
 * **Mao Zedong**, a student of Li, shared Li's hostility to merchants and believed in authoritarian state
 * Communist Party of China born in summer of 1921 as handful of leaders secretly met in Shanghai

MI-
 * The Seizure of Power by China's Guomindang
 * **Guomindang** aka Nationalist Party struggling to survive in the south
 * Sun who headed the party was in exile to Japan
 * Nationalists built alliances with many groups while building an army of their own
 * alliance forged with communists
 * 1921 **Whampoa Military Academy** founded with the help of the Soviets
 * **Chiang Kai-shek** was a student of the Academy who eventually found his way into Sun's inner circle of advisors


 * Sun was ignorant of rural conditions and of the peasants and denied the corruption of the part

p823-830 Mao’s China and Beyond MI- As result of Japanese invasion of China, the communist party of China was able to gain ground.
 * Chiang's anti-communist crusade interrupted by Japs invasion of China
 * had to form alliance with communists as a result of invasion
 * invasion = way for communist party to take control
 * reputation destroyed as he retreated after being crushed in all military fields
 * after WWII Mao proclaimed the est. of **People's Republic of China**
 * Mao and **Lin Biao**/other commanders trained at the Academy in 1920s which made them much more talented
 * won mandate of China b/c ability to offer solutions to China's fundamental social and economic problems

MI- Collaberations with the SU have been broken off as China tries to retake land that was once lost.
 * The Communists Come to Power
 * communists struggle for power rooted in **party cadres** and the **People's Liberation Army**
 * strong political framework = communists quickly worked to assert China;s traditional preeminence
 * 1950s close collaberations w/ SU were broken down
 * focused on regained territory that the SU had once taken from them
 * exploded first nuclear device developed by nonindustrial nation


 * Planning for Economic Growth and Social Justice
 * landlord class and large landholders were purged -> 3 million people executed
 * introduction of a five year plan from communist planners who did not see the peasants as key to success
 * Mao had hostility towards elitism connected with Confucian system
 * pushed the **Mass line approach** -> formed agricultural cooperatives
 * encouraged intellects to speak out


 * The Great Leap Backward
 * **Great Leap Forward** launched in 1958 => small scaled projects instead of huge plants in cities,
 * leaded to economic disaster along with rapid collectivization, was actually a leap backwards
 * benefits of backwardness and joy of mass involvement was preached
 * number of people in China was in the billions and birth rates were still high
 * family planning, limit children to 2 a family later changed to one


 * "Women Hold Up Half of the Heavens"
 * Mao's wife, **Jiang Qing**, had a role in Mao's struggle to renew revlouitonary powers
 * Mao was moved by story about woman committing sucide rather than listening to family
 * moved towards women's rights -> end of footbinding, end of women seclusions
 * more women went towards communism b/c nationalist wanted women to be at home
 * Qing was only able to get to the top b/c she was married to Mao
 * tried to rule on her own after Mao's death = fail


 * Mao's Last Campaign and the Fall of the Gang of Four
 * 1965 Mao convinced supporters to launch his last campaign, the **Cultural Revolution**
 * all out assault on capitalists
 * **Red Guard** consisting of students harrassed Mao's political rivals
 * bureaucratic elite were forced to admit to crimes against "the people"
 * **Gang of Four** created in order for power of the now old Mao to be strong
 * The members consisted of Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen.


 * To receive full credit for your notes you must include the following terms/people in your notes. You must also include Main Ideas**


 * May Fourth Movement, Li DaZhao, Mao Zedong, Chiang Kai-Shek, Long March, People’s Republic of China, Mass Line approach, Great Leap Forward, Jiang Qing, Cultural Revolution, Gang of Four.**

6. Read add take __brief__ notes on //Democratic Protest and Repression in China// 848-849 – Answer the questions at the end of the document (5 points)
 * june 4, 1989 Chinese troops march into Tiananmen Square where student run protests occurred
 * the party felt that since many institutions of higher learning were at a standstill, everyday life of people were affected
 * longer the strike = health of students worsening "wanted to rescue the students"

-Li Peng objects to the protests because it affects the everyday life of everybody and that China's image is being damaged. -He tries to persuade ordinary Chinese by saying that the students are on hunger strikes and that their health is worsening. -The argument that those of organized the protest do not have control anymore which the gov't will interpret as a cause that needs to be contained. -The argument of all the students being their children and future show traditional values while saying that it is their job to protect the motherland shows somewhat communist features.

7. Complete a leadership analysis on Mao Zedong (5 points) 33 years || 8. Write a thesis statement for the following questions (10 points)** 
 * Name of Leader: Mao Zedong ||
 * Lifespan : December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976 |||| Title: 1st Chairman of the Communist Party of China ||
 * Country/region: China |||| Years in Power: March 20, 1943 – September 9, 1976
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * economic dominance by the west
 * Guomindang was in power
 * had an alliance with the communist party
 * famines and diseases affect the peasants
 * Sun did not deal with peasant issues and denied corrupted landlords
 * Japanese control of China in WWI
 * civil war b/w communists and nationalists ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * was a pupil of Li Dazhao so they shared similar hatred to Japanese
 * also shared similar beliefs of Li
 * ending of peasant's suffering which was seen in under Guomindang
 * saw peasants as the key to success
 * harsh strict laws
 * Anti-west ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * land reforms, access to education, improved health care
 * purge of landowners and landlords -> 3 million dead
 * five year plan
 * Great Leap forward ||
 * Short-Term effects:
 * family planning, only 2 kids per family later to one
 * Cultural Revolution
 * infamous Red Guard
 * economic disaster b/c of Great Leap Forward || Long-Term Effects
 * established the People's Republic of China
 * women issues and rights
 * Analyze the changes and continuities in Chinese politics from 1914 to the present
 * Chinese politics saw a change from a weak nationalist party to a strong communist party. Another change that occurred from 1914 to the present is the change in policies created which were to aid the peasants. One thing that continues to occur is that Chinese politics still have opponent party elimination.
 * Analyze the changes in Chinese Society from 1914 to the present
 * Chinese society saw a lot of changes from 1914 to the present. Changes include more focus on the peasant class and increasing women's rights.

** Comparison ** on paper

Write an outline in the structure provided for the two essays below – You will receive a score based on the AP rubric. This part will be a quiz grade


 * 9. Essay 1: Compare 20th Century political developments in China and Russia.**


 * 10. Essay 2: Compare and Contrast 20th Social developments in China and Russia. Be sure to discuss the changing roles of women**

Thesis Statement:

Topic Sentence #1: (Must indicate what you will be comparing/contrasting) Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence Analysis of Direct Comparison

Topic Sentence #2: Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence Analysis of Direct Comparison

Topic Sentence #3: Evidence of Topic Sentence that relates to thesis Direct Comparison(s) that supports your topic sentence Analysis of Direct Comparison

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