From+Hunting+and+Gathering+to+Civilizations

Civilization

Civilization is when large groups of people come together due to natural resources or something that will allow life to thrive and create a system of government.
 * 1.1 What is civilization?**

media type="custom" key="6918689"
 * 1.2 - ESPIRIT chart: Civilization**

Civilization/Nation/Group - Sumer Time Period - 4000 B.C.E
 * 1.3 - ESPIRIT chart: Mesopotamian Society **

 · kings use to be military leaders during times of war  · function of defense and war and leadership of a trained army = vital to Sumerian politics slaves could buy thier freedoms ||
 * E || * wheeled carts and fertilizers used
 * silver adopted as a form of money
 * economy based on agriculture ||
 * S ||  · kings and noblemen controlled considerable land where slaves worked
 * P || * city-states with defined boundaries ruled by a king that claimed divine authority
 * godlike
 * government regulated religion, provided a court system, enforced duties ||
 * I || * warfare = vital to the supply of slaves
 * trade between Sumerian cities and between Sumeria and other regions = growth of a merchant class
 * Sumer only had mud, clay and reeds which is why trade was necessary to supply workers materials
 * fell to the Akkadians ||
 * R || * built ziggurats that were dedicated to a city's most important god/goddess
 * religion of Sumerians left their mark in the Middle East
 * temples, ziggurats, literature, cosmogony and rituals influenced neighboring civilizations
 * coined belief of "hell" ||
 * I || * art developed steadily, statues and painted frescoes adorned the temples of gods
 * founded astronomy
 * improved mathematical knowledge
 * employed system of numbers based on units of 10, 60 and 360
 * charts of major constellations
 * Sumerians and their successors created patterns of observations and abstract thought about nature that many people rely on ||
 * T || * developed a cuneiform alphabet started with about 2000 symbols and later reduced to around 300
 * mud bricks used to build ziggurats and houses due to shortage of stone
 * wheel invented for carts, chariots and pottery making ||

Primary Source Analysis Document: Hammurabi's Law Code <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> What do we know about where this was created? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> What have we learned about this topic? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> Society that may be relevant? || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">The area where it was created was plagued with invasions and wars. Invasions also meant that culture of the conquered people could be adopted. The punishments in this documents are mostly “an eye for an eye” but in today, that barely happens other than the death penalty. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> Who is the intended audience? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> How might they receive this? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> Quotes to support your claims? || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">This was written for everyone in Babylon since it defined punishments to crimes <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> "If a man has put out the eye of a free man, they shall put out his eye." <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> People of Babylon may be less likely to commit a crime || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> What is the purpose of this document? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> Read between the lines, support claims with a quote || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">These sets of laws basically state the punishment someone will get for certain “crime”. It also kind of keeps family relations and social relations in check so that the family/social structures would remain as is. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> “If a son strikes his father, they shall cut his forehand.” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> “If the man strikes the cheek of a free man equal to him, he shall pay one maneh of silver” <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> “If the slave of a [free] man strikes the cheek of a free man, they shall cut off his ear.” || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> Support with quotes || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">The way the punishments are laid out to certain situations shows that social/family structures plays a huge role. Depending on a man’s status, the punishments vary. If you are either a criminal or a slave, the punishments are harsher but as a free man, the punishment would be what you did to the other free man. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> “If a man knocks out the tooth of a man equal to him, they shall knock out his tooth. If he knocks out the tooth of a villain, he shall pay one-third of a maneh of silver.” || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> How does this relate to the big picture? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> What can it tell us as historians? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> Relate to ESPIRIT if possible || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">The document was the basis of justice where no crimes will be left unpunished. The document can also tell us about their view on the social structure and those who were slaves or villains will receive harsher punishments than free men. || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Questions? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">What was this written in language wise? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">In the document, it doesn’t say what the punishment would be if someone with a high rank did something to a lower rank person. What would happen? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">How much was it enforced? <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">How many crimes actually occurred?
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1.4 - APPARTS chart: Hammurabi's Law Code **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> Author – Who created this?What do we know about the author?What might influence their opinions? || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Created by Hammurabiking of Babylon who united Mesopotamia from 1800 to 1750 B.C.E.Opinions influenced by his "divine authority" ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">** Place ** – Where and when was it created? || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Created in Babylon between 1800 B.C.E and 1750 B.C.E ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">** Prior Knowledge **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">** Audience **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">** Reason for Creation **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">** The Main Idea **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">** Significance **


 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1.5 - From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations - Key Terms **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Neolithic Revolution || * development of agriculture
 * took thousands of years to develop then thousands more to spread
 * rapid changes in human society where agriculture was learned
 * encouraged science and technology ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Bronze Age || * from 4000 B.C.E to 1500 B.C.E
 * development and use of bronze tools/items
 * metal tools allowed more efficient work ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Catal Huyuk || * Neolithic village in southern Turkey founded around 7000 B.C.E
 * in 5500 B.C.E important production activities like skilled toolmakers and jewelers developed
 * ruled over smaller communities which means military forces were organized and some families specialized in politics
 * became part of a civilization in 3000 B.C.E ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Civilization || * involves political organizations capable of ruling large region
 * developed or adopted some type of cuneiform
 * depend on existence of cities in order for rapid exchange of ideas ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Ziggurats || * first monumental architecture in Sumerian civilization
 * operated by professional priests who conducted rituals within ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">City States || * political organization created by Sumerians
 * territories with defined boundaries ruled by a king that claimed divine authority ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Sumerians || * people who invaded Mesopotamia in about 3500 B.C.E
 * developed a cuneiform alphabet, complex religious rituals,
 * founded astronomy and improved their mathematical knowledge
 * fell to the Akkadians ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Hammurabi || * Babylonian king who united Mesopotamia
 * ruled from 1800 to 1750 B.C.E
 * created Hammurabi's Code
 * est. rules of procedure for courts of laws, regulated property rights and the duties of family members and set harsh punishments for criminals ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Huanghe || * the Yellow River, located in China
 * civilization around the Huanghe was very isolated
 * organized state existed that carefully regulated irrigation
 * advanced technology and developed elaborate intellectual life ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Indus River || * river in India that supported several large cities(Harappa and Mohenjo Daro) in 2500 B.C.E
 * people around the river developed own alphabet and artistic forms
 * Indians' pride in early civilized history = important part of their national identity ||

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Early civilization developed during the Neolithic Revolution, near or close to rivers or areas with rich natural resources, when people started to adpot agricultural which allowed them to stay in one place and produce their own need materials. Civilizations such as Sumer, Assyria and Babylon rised up and contributed things such as religion, the wheel and a form of government or set laws. In these civilizations, the social structures are also very important in both society and in one's home. In these civilization as certain things were needed, they worked hard towards developing things to satisfy the needs of the people.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">1.6 - Summary: Neolithic Revolution and Early Civilizations **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">