Civilizations+in+Crisis

Ottoman Empire and Egypt
As industrialzed European nations were expanding their imperial possessions the Ottoman Empire and Egypt were in decline.

As you read pages 593-604 take notes in the chart below. Be sure to focus on causes of decline, European inervention and reform programs


 * Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey || Western Intrusions and Crisis: Egypt ||
 * * line of weak rulers meant that other groups in political system fighting for power
 * less control on pop. and resources
 * sultan cheated of revenue earned from peasantry
 * manufacturers from Europe = decline of of artisans in Ottoman Empire
 * merchants relied on commercial dealings of European merchants
 * this sharply increases influx of Western goods
 * military not strong b/c of better Western weapons
 * Russian Empire = stronger, took over Ottoman lands
 * lack of technological advances

* Europeans capturing Islamic states = crisis b/c of Christianity
 * Ottomans able to survive b/c of European's fighting for more power
 * reform initiatives at diff stages = more tension in ruling elites
 * Selim III’s reforms were to improve administrative efficiently and build a new navy/army but this angered the bureaucracy
 * Mahmud II killed the Janissaries with a secret professional army and set long line of reforms
 * based reforms off of Western precedents
 * westernization = new est. of army
 * Tanzimat reforms – University edu, postal service, telegraphs, railroads, newspaper, legal reforms, ﻿suspected troublemakers = killed
 * ottomans opened to Western influences, artisans were effected by British treaty which removed import taxes
 * Abdul Hamid restricted civil liberties in order to deprive the westernized elite groups of power
 * **Young Turks** of Ottoman Society for Union and Progress were determined to restore the old consitition and resume reforms in the empire
 * printing press and attempts to modernize/save empire
 * officers came to power in order to restore the Const. and reforms, fought for control || * Arabs had lived under Ottoman’s rule and resented the Turks
 * officers came to power in order to restore the Const. and reforms, fought for control || * Arabs had lived under Ottoman’s rule and resented the Turks


 * Islamic World displaced by West in both scientific inquiry and monumental architecture
 * Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt = way to destroy British power in India but met by **Mamluk** regime
 * the Mamluk’s were one of the great powers in Islamic world and with their defeat, it shows how far Muslims fell behind Europeans
 * Muhammad Ali became ruler after Nap. and westernized his army by hiring French officers
 * attempted to build industrial sector was surpressed by Europeans
 * tried to make Egypt’s economy rise, ordered peasants to increase production
 * Aftrer Ali's death, KKhedives were put in power until they were later overthrown by a military coup that brought Gamel Abdulk Nasser to power in 1952
 * economy = cotton growing = prices determined by Europeans
 * French language was changed
 * scholars called for jihad to drive infidels from Muslims land so that previous patterns can return
 * al-Afghani stressed the need that muslims need to borrow scientific learning/tech from West

Eastern Question - Suel Canal - 1869 - stragietic point = eventually controlled by British
 * Egypt regime known to be corrupted w/ high taxes
 * jihad started by Huhammad Achmad swept through sub-Saharan Africa and was violent towards Europe
 * **Young Turks** of Ottoman Society for Union and Progress were determined to restore the old consitition and resume reforms in the empire
 * WWI = complete fall of Ottoman

Read Western Dominance and the Decline of Civilations(IN DEPTH P.596-597) -One civilization that caused another to collaspe would be the Mongols and when they became the Yuan Dynasty. They may have contributed to the decline and eventual fall of the Song Dynasty. -This occurrence would be rare because people who live in civilizations have a different views on others who lived in civilizations and nomadic peoples. Nomadic people were seen as barbaric peoples. -Since areas such as the Americas were isolated from the world until about 1600, there was no major diseases that had previously spread in the Americas unlike the Black Death in Europe. Europeans became immune to these diseases but when invaded the Americas, the native people were hit hard since it was their first encounter. -Due to the scientific and industrial revolutions that occurred in Europe, they were able to build a strong navy that no other civilization could match. With their strong navy, Europeans gained the power to extract resources, manufacture goods and war. -They may have lost some power due to the creation of new nations who now have more power than them. They still rank as a top power in the world but nat as much as they use to be. The most that the West had lost was their dominance and complete access to goods from the East.

The Qing Empire
As you read 604 to 611 take outline notes on the Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire. Be sure to include Main Ideas for each subtopic and to highlight key terms.

The Last Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Qing Empire in China MI -
 * Manchu nomads' conquest of China = sudden and unexpected, Ming Dynasty was decling
 * **Nurhaci** put a sense of unity within the Manchu tribes and combined each tribe's military to form **banner armies**
 * in the 17th century, Manchu elites greatly adopted Chinese ways
 * Manchu bureaucracy, Chinese court ceremonies and employment of Chinese scholar-officials
 * easily gained access through the Great Wall because the Ming used them as defense
 * used the political division and social unrest to their advantage
 * Manchu kept the political system of the Ming Dynasty to keep the Chinese happy b/c Manchus were 2% of total pop.
 * kept examination system and even the rulers put their sons through it
 * **Kangxi**, early ruler who was a patron of Chinese arts

Economy and Society in the Early Centuries of Qing Rule MI -
 * respect for rank still remained - old over young, male over female, scholars over commoners
 * statues of women still focused on them being centered at home
 * male control increased as practice of choosing a wife from rank below
 * for women to have better lives, had to hope that they were the first wife or father/brother would later aid
 * Manchus took steps such as lowering taxes and state demands to prevent the unrest that was present in Ming rule
 * change in labor forces as peasants began to work for landlord classes
 * couldn't object to share of crops b/c of surplus of workers
 * gap b/w rural gentry and peasants and laborers increase
 * length of nail means social standing b/c of work not having to be done
 * influx of silver from Europeans as payment for tea/etc. in 18th century
 * compradors born from profits of overseas trading as a result of being freed from restrictions
 * specialized in import/export on southern coast of China

Rot from Within: Bureaucratic Breakdown and Social Disintegration MI -
 * bureaucratic foundations rotting from within, exam system was corrupted
 * sons of high officials ensured place in bureaucracy, anyone with money could buy their position
 * increase of protests of those who failed exam
 * division of revenue - state projects -> enrich families = devastation to Chinese society
 * less money towards military = less training
 * no money towards public projects = damage to areas (ex. repairing dikes)
 * 1850s - dikes broke and Huanghe river flooded heavily cultivated farmlands
 * mass migrations as a result of famine/diseases/landlord demands
 * banditry = way to show a civilization's decline in power, more bandits = less enforcements of laws
 * people believed that when this civilization falls, it would follow previous ones where a more powerful one will take its place
 * pattern changed b/c of Manchus changes in China

Barbarians at the Southern Gates: The Opium War and After MI -
 * Manchus had treated Europeans as barbarians despite coming from similar civilization
 * scientific and industrialization revolutions allowed the small population of European nations more organization and advanced technology
 * one issue was the Chinese wanted silver rather than goods produced from Europe
 * British used opium as a result
 * **Opium War** - trade disputes b/w Chinese and British
 * flow of silver reversed and now travels out of China, decline of sources for capital, agricultural productivity and unemployment increased
 * large portion of population addicted to opium = unwilling to do anything
 * edicts against opium traffic created but were not enforced
 * **Lin Zexu** - sent by emperor to use any means necessary to end the opium trade, blockaded European trading areas and destroyed opium found
 * later sent in exile as a way for peace during war
 * war broke out after British claimed that property rights were broken
 * Chinese junks no match for British navy
 * Hong Kong = British trading center as a result of the war
 * increased amount of leases to various European countries on ports

A Civilization at Risk: Rebellion and Failed Reforms MI -
 * several rebellions swept through southern China in an attempt to overthrow
 * **Taiping Rebellion** one of the greatest and was lead by **Hong Xiuquan**
 * captured areas and set up capital at Nanjing
 * after controlling cities, Hong and other rebel leaders began to fight internally plotting to kill one another
 * ban of opium smoking and Hong's alteration on Christianity = Europeans backing the Qing
 * was a fear to Confucian b/c of liberation of women, smashing of temples and promotion of mass literacy
 * Zeng Guofan creates effective military to defeat the rebel assault of Northern China
 * also carried out reforms to root out corruption in bureaucracy and to revive Chinese economy
 * ** self-strengthening movement  ** – result of dynamic provincial leaders who aimed to counter challenges from the West
 * Manchu rulers supported reforms of the political and social systems but saw backlash from imperial household
 * ** Cixi  ** was last empress, crushed moves towards reforms
 * ** Boxer Rebellion –  ** outburst towards foreigners, attempts to push them out

The Fall of the Qing: The End of a Civilization? MI -


 * underground organizations = rise of local uprisings
 * seeing more effects of Western education on elite class and merchants
 * saw power should be passed to Western-educated peoples
 * Sun Yat-sen – seized power to enact social programs needed to relieve the peasants and urban workers
 * revolutionists begin to rebel against Manchu’s rule
 * cut off ponytail as a defiance to Manchu’s order that all ethnic Chinese must wear
 * Puyi – was the last emperor of Chinawho was deposed in 1911 republican gov’t of China was asked to be created